
•eries III., No. z 



September 23, 191 1 




XCeacbers Colleoe 
Columbia lUniversit^ 



A Syllabus of 



Household Management 



BY 



MARY LOUISE FURST, A.B. 

Lecturer in the School of Household Arts, Teachers College 



Technical Education Bulletin, No. 8 
PRICE 10 CENTS 



Published by 

V^cncbctB College, dolumbta inntverditi^ 

525 WEST 1 20th STREET 

NEW YORK CITY 

Copyrighted, 191 1, by Teachers College 



Mowgnph. 



Scbools of 1fn^u0trtal an^ 1bou0ebol^ arts 

Ucacbcrs College, Columbta "GlntvergttTS 

TECHNICAL EDUCATION BULLETINS 



Sent on receipt of price. Address, The Secretary, Schools of Industrial 
AND Household Arts, Teachers College, New York City 

No. I. Economic Function of Woman. Edward T. Devine, Ph. D. 
Professor of Social Economy, Columbia University. i6 pages, 
ID cents. 

No. 2. Annotated List of Books Relating to Houshold Arts. 42 pages. 
IS cents. 

No. 3. The Feeding of Young Children. Mary Swartz Rose, Ph. D. 
Assistant Professor, School of Household Arts. 10 pages, 
10 cents. 

No. 4. Hints on Clothing. Mary Schenck Woolman. Professor of 
Trade Education for Women, School of Household Arts. 8 
pages, 10 cents. 

No. 5. Quantitative Aspects of Nutrition. Henry C. Sherman, Ph. D. 
Professor of Food Chemistry, Columbia University, and Head 
of the Department of Nutrition and Food Economics, School 
of Household Arts. 16 pages. 10 cents. 

No. 6. Annotated List of Books Relating to Industrial Arts or Industrial 
Education. 50 pp. Price 15 cents. 

No. 7. The Determination of Linen and Cotton. Professor Herzog, of 
the Prussian Textile School of Sorau. Translated by Ellen 
Beers, School of Household Arts. 25 half-tone illustrations 
and 2 color prints. Price 25 cents. 

No. 8. A Syllabus of Household Management. Mary Louise Furst, A. B., 
Lecturer, School of Household Arts, Teachers College. Price 
10 cents. .^ \ 

No. 9. Annotated List of Texts and R^JSsVence Books for Training Schools 
for Nurses, (In preparation.) 




tTeacbets CoUeoe 
Columbia Xflniversit^ 



A Syllabus of 



Household Management 



BY 



MARY LOUISE FURST, A.B. 

Lecturer in the School of Household Arts, Teachers- College 



Published by 

Ceacbers College, Columbia Tllnlversitg 

525 WEST 120th STREET 

NEW YORK CITY 

Copyrighted, 1 9 1 1 , by Teachers College 



#■ ■ 



A1> 



s 



©CI.A300270 



Household Management* 



"The duties of the housekeeper are multifarious. The ideal house- 
keeper must have a knowledge of culinary affairs. She must know how to 
make food palatable, and must understand its nutritive and economic value. 
She must be able to superintend the cutting and making of ordinary gar- 
ments; have oversight of emploj'ees, must understand details of marketing, 
principles of laimdry work, keeping of household accounts, care of the sick. 
She must care for the house and all of its functions from cellar to attic. 
She must be not only housekeeper, but homemaker, furnish with taste and 
economy, understand Ethics and Psychology as applied to the training of 
children." — Lucy M. Salmon. 



I.— EDUCATION FOR THE HOME. 

I. Education may be either (i) academic or (2) vocational, the latter com- 

bining (a) sound theory, and (b) skillful application in practice, as in 
the agricultural, the mechanic, and the household arts. 

II. The scope of the household arts is very wide: 

(i) Practically, they (a) constitute the life-work of most women, 
and (b) they condition the lives of all the world's workers ; hence 
(c) some knowledge of and skill in them is desirable for everyone. 

(2) Theoretically they are a focus of many sciences and arts: 

(a) General biology and physiology are fundamental, in their 
laws concerning the structure and function of all living things. 

(b) Bacteriology is essential, in its teaching concerning foods 
and infections. 

(c) Physics is necessary, to interpret the nature of water, air, 
and gases, and the effects of heat, light, and electricity in many 
household operations. 

(d) Chemistry illuminates the choice and the preparation of 
food, the functions of digestion, the nature of fabrics, and almost 
all cleaning processes. 

(e) The science of hygiene and health protection, with its 
primary doctrines of cleanliness and economy, contributes to 
efficiency, longevity and happiness, all the way from the con- 
servation of energy, to the housekeeper's careful and costly war 
against insects. 

(f) History and anthropology are needed to explain, to justify, 
and perhaps to reject current customs of handicraft, service, 
furnishing, decoration, dress, and manners. 



iThe present syllabus outlines the course of study in Household Man- 
agement offered in the School of Household Arts, Teachers College. This 
course, in itself independent, shows the bearing of many detailed courses 
offered by the School as far as they can be correlated and interpreted in 
the light of the general problem of the housekeeper. 



4 HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT 

(g) Economics, which began with Xenophon's study ot the 
household, still centres in the order, care, management, pro- 
duction and consumption, wealth and progress of the home. 

(h) Scientific management has numerous principles that may 
be applied profitably to the household. 

(i) Sociology illuminates the nature, the functions, and the 
interrelations of the household and the social whole. 

(j) Aesthetics, finally, may be enlisted to irradiate the simplest 
details of life. 

III. As a field for research, therefore, the household offers unlimited 
opportunity. It has been called conservative, undeveloped, unorganized, 
ill-administered, and uneconomic. Any successful improvement of 
household procedure will, on the other hand, contribute to the solu- 
tion of the largest industrial, economic, and social problems. 

IV. The housekeeper as an economist, must therefore consider economy 
both of time and of energy, through hygiene and scientific management, 
and of money, through knowledge of natural resources, prices, wages, 
etc. 

(i) As a producer, the housekeeper needs to direct her management 
according to the nature of the satisfactions that are sought and to 
adjust the claims of direct and indirect utility. 

(2) As a consumer, she should aim at an efficiency in the use of 
whatever she makes or buys, comparable to that which is developed 
in their production, manufacture, and distribution. 

V. Thus the home is a complex unit composed of many complicated parts. 
To administer it ideally, one must (i) know much, (2) judge wisely 
of the relative importance, and the proper subordination and the har- 
mony of many things, must (3) expend discreetly not only money, but 
also time and energy, and finally, must (4) ever keep in mind the end 
as well as the means. 

Attention is called also to the following related courses of instruction: 
Biology 53-4 — Applied Biology; Household Arts 21 — Household Chemistry; 
62 — Household Physics; Sociology 51-2 — Sociology and Social Progress; and 
to the Household Arts Journal Club. 

II.— STANDARDS OF LIVING. 

I. The budget indicates, in the interrelation of its items, the practical con- 
clusions, of an individual or a family, concerning the relative values 
of many of the various activities and satisfactions of life. 

II. The comparison of many budgets, in such studies as those of the 
United States Bureau of Labor, the Sage Foundation, and the vol- 
umes of Chapin, More, and Richards, gives information and sugges- 
tion concerning standard and appropriate expenditures for the essen- 
tial items of (a) shelter, (b) food, (c) clothing, (d) health protection, 
and sundries. Thus : 

(i) An expenditure of from $600 to $700 a year provides the typical 
family of two adults and not more than three children only inade- 



STANDARDS OF LIVING 5 

quate shelter and clothing; a mere approach to adequate nutrition; 
and must depend upon public aid for health protection and recrea- 
tion. 

(3) From $800 to $900 a year, adequate in some European countries, 
is scarcely so in the United States. 

(4) A family budget of from $900 to $1,000 a year will provide 
physical necessities in New York City, including fair shelter and 
clothing, something for health protection and recreation, and food 
that is adequate, when measured by the accepted minimum of 23 
cents a day for each adult. 

(5) At $1,100 a year savings begin to be appreciable, the cost of 
women's clothing begins to exceed that of men, and, in the country, 
comforts become possible. 

(6) A $2,000 budget has been ideally divided into 25 per cent, for 
food, 20 per cent, each for rent and clothing, 15 per cent, for oper- 
ating expenses, and 20 per cent, for "the higher life." 

(7) In budgets of from $2,000 to $4,000 a year, 25 per cent, is as- 
signed for food, 20 per cent, for rent, 15 per cent, each for clothing 
and operating expenses, and 25 per cent, for "the higher life." 

(8) An expenditure of $4,000 a year shows operating expenses of 
17 per cent, and clothing of 12 per cent. 

III. The maintenance of standards. 

(i) As incomes increase, the proportion spent for (a) shelter re- 
mains constant, (b) food decreases, (c) clothing increases, and (d) 
furnishing and sundries increase rapidly, all according to the general 
laws of Engel, somewhat modified for the United States. 

(2) The maintenance of standards, however, depends less upon in- 
come than upon a wise expenditure. 

(a) Inadequate food, for example, is often due largely to lack of 
wisdom in selection and purchasing. 

(b) Saving, on the other hand, denotes self-control, imagina- 
tion, resourcefulness, and character, — both in individuals and in 
nations. 

(3) The ideal standard is influenced by environment, imitation, tra- 
dition, habit, and by other considerations, not only of utility and of 
custom, but of emulation and display in "conspicuous consumption" 
and "conspicuous waste." 

(4) Both standards and expenditures may be tested by estimates of 
adequacy, comfort, richness of life, and by such principles as Mar- 
shall's "marginal utility;" all from data deducible from household 
accounting. 

Attention is called also to the following related courses of instruction: 
Household Arts 65 — Household Economics; Sociology 51-2 — Sociology and 
Social Progress. 



e HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT 

III.— HOUSEHOLD ACCOUNTING. . 

I. The Aim of Household Accounting is to aid the wise distribution of the 

income and the interests of life, through (a) focusing attention upon 
the budget, (b) providing records of actual income and expenditure, 
with (c) data for the study of their arrangement and (d) for com- 
parison with other budgets and (e) with theoretical and practical 
ideals. 

II. The Scope of Household Accounting 

(i) Differs from commercial accounting in that 

(a) Cash and bills payable are the chief items; 

(b) Income and expenditure are the chief interests; and 

(c) Economy, rather than expansion, is the usual ideal. 
(2) For its own ends, Household Accounting needs to be: 

(a) Comprehensive enough to represent all of the activities; 

(b) Simple, since bookkeeping is but one of the housekeeper's 
many tasks ; 

(c) Definite, for clear record and ready reference; and 

(d) Classified, so that, if possible, no item needs to be entered 
more than once. 

III. The Mechanism of Household Accounting 

(i) May include : 

(a) A cash account; 

(b) A journal — that is, a chronological record; 

(c) A ledger, or summary, which in small accounts may be used 
without the others, and in larger accounts may provide for 
double entry; 

(d) Balance sheets, classifying gains, losses, and other results, 
and inventories of property; and 

(e) Vouchers, such as receipted bills, cancelled checks, and the 
like. 

(f) Special forms, like servants' wage accounts, may be added. 
(2) Specifically, either books or cards, or both, may be used. 

(A) Books are, in general, more permanent and less flexible 

than cards. 

They should be (a) neither too cumberous nor too small; 

(b) Providing space for enough items, but not so many as to be 
burdensome ; 

(c) All under headings that indicate the larger divisions of the 
budget and their arrangement. 

(d) A generally acceptable form provides double pages for each 
month's account, with separate lines for each day, and similar 
double pages for the year's summary, with lines for each month. 



THE CHOICE OP A HOME 7 

(B) Cards (a) may be had in many sizes, colors, rulings, bind- 
ers, and boxes. 

(b) They make records, corrections, comparisons, and combi- 
nations all simple ; but 

(c) Their successful use requires some natural gifts of organiza- 
tion and order. 

IV. The need for household accounting is obvious. It indicates the 
amount, the distribution, and the tendency of expenditure; the char- 
acter and the comparative wisdom of the organization of the house- 
hold ; and, finally, the actual standard of living. It may thus enlighten 
both the provider of the income and the distributor of the expenditure, 
contributing to both independence and cooperation, and bringing both 
interest and pleasure to one of the most puzzling problems of family 
life. Some system of accounting is indispensable if retrenchment in 
expenditure is desired. And, finally, a study of expenditure, through 
household accounting, will often reveal real, although perhaps unsus- 
pected, philosophies of life, and so lead to new estimates of many 
values, including those of time and vitality. 

Attention is called to the following related courses of instruction: 
Industrial Arts 90 — Business and Office Practice; Industrial Arts 94 — 
Accounting. 



IV.— THE CHOICE OF A HOME. 

I. The importance of the choice of a dwelling is scarcely to be overesti- 
mated : 

(i) In its powers to help or to hinder health and happiness; 

(2) In its expression of the aims and the efficiency of its occupants ; 
and 

(3) In its practical determination of the standard of living. 

(4) The ideal choice may well combine colonial simplicity with con- 
temporary cleanliness and comfort. 

II. The considerations to be weighed include: 

(i) Some consciousness of one's aim in life; 

(2) The characteristic or temporary requirements of the specific 
family, particularly from the point of view of health, and especially 
if it includes children, the aged, or invalids ; 

(3) The amount properly available for rent or purchase; 

(4) Proximity to business, school, church, and recreation; 

(5) Privacy and comfort; 

(6) The neighboring residents; and 

(7) The care of the dweUing, (a) since its condition and construction 
definitely determine the upkeep that is necessary, and (b) the area 
of its floor space, determine the furnishing and service. 



8 HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT 

III. Rent or Purchase. * 
(i) Rent: 

(a) Is reckoned at from 7 to 10 per cent, on the capital invested, 
so as to net 6 per cent, or less. 

(b) Landlord's agreements, especially concerning improvements, 
should always be written. 

(c) The agent's interests are wholly on the side of the landlord. 

(d) Leases, simple for apartments, more complicated for houses, 
should not be signed without careful reading. 

(e) The law of landlord and tenant traditionally favors the land- 
lord, who pledges much more than the tenant. 

(f) Furnished houses and apartments, often economical for 
short terms, are expensive for long terms. Both cheap and 
expensive furnishings are to be avoided by tenants. An inven- 
tory of the furnishings is indispensable to both landlord and 
tenant. 

(2) Purchase: 

(a) The procedure of purchase belongs to business and to law, 
rather than to household management. 

(b) The opportunities for purchase are being extended through 
building and loan associations ; cooperative building move- 
ments like the English garden city; through business philan- 
thropies, like The City and Suburban Homes Company, and 
The Russell Sage Foundation, of New York, and similar move- 
ments elsewhere ; and finally, through such plans as Mr. Edison's 
for houses of poured cement, made by means of portable moulds. 

IV. Houses. 

(i) In General : 

(a) The general construction and condition of a building should 
show, on careful inspection : Walls plumb, smooth, protected 
from moisture, and free from cracks ; roofs preferably of tile, 
(easily freed from snow, ice and water) ; flashings, valleys, gut- 
ters, and leaders preferably of copper, or, if of other material, 
easily cared for, cleaned, and painted ; floors of cement in cel- 
lar, kitchen and laundry, or if of wood of a well-wearing variety 
and finish ; durable wall coverings and paint, preferably white ; 
the trim of similar quality; tiling well laid; windows abundant, of 
good size, conveniently located and well constructed ; the cellar 
convenient for storing coal, wood, vegetables, and canned fruits ; 
rooms of sufficient number, size and arrangement, with adequate 
and convenient entrances, exits, and spaces for furniture ; closets 
and store-rooms adequate in number, size, and readiness of ac- 
cess. Expert inspection may well be directed to the kind and 
condition of the plumbing, and of the facilities for heating and 
lighting. The presence of rats, mice, and other vermin in a 
building indicates poor construction and danger from fire and 
disease. 



THE CHOICE OP A HOME 9 

(b) The exposure should be considered in relation to the points 
of the compass, the prevailing winds, and the sunlight. 

(c) The neighborhood for an easy walking distance in every 
direction should be inspected for its general character, im- 
provements and sanitation. 

(2) In Town: 

(a) Land values are based on lots in the centre of a block. The 
lot next to the corner costs, traditionally, 10 per cent. more. 
Sixty per cent, more than the next is charged for the corner lot, 
because of its superior frontage, light, and air. 

(3) In the country, in addition to the general considerations men- 
tioned above, attention should be given also to : 

(a) The soil, whether made-ground, clay, sand, or rock; to 

(b) Drainage, sewerage, and the possible neighborhood of 
marshes and dumping-grounds ; to 

(c) The proximity and character of transportation; to 

(d) Piazzas, from the points of view of both outlook and seclu- 
sion ; and to 

(e) The character and care of grounds, trees and shrubbery. 

V. Apartments. 

(i) The cost, in New York City, of 

(a) 5-story tenements is from 11 to 15 cents per cubic foot; of 
6-story non-fireproof apartments from 12 to 16 cents ; of 6-story 
non-fireproof elevator apartments, from 15 to 18 cents. These 
rent for from $7 to. $10 a room monthly. 8-story semi-fireproof 
elevator apartments cost from 25 to 50 cents a cubic foot. 

(b) The City and Suburban Homes Company, and other philan- 
thropic businesses in New York, erect model tenements, renting 
for $1 a room weekly, to net 4 per cent, on the investment. 

(2) Top-floor and comer apartments have superior light, air, and 
freedom from noise. 

(3) Superintendents, janitors, and house servants, although ulti- 
mately paid for by the tenant, are responsible to the landlord only. 

VI. House versus Apartment. 

(i) The National Housing Association considers separate houses 

desirable, and holds tenements unnecessary, except in New York. 
(2) In a house. 

(a) In general: Rent includes no operating expenses; but privacy 
is at a maximum; space, comfort, open fires, sleeping porches, 
and store-rooms are available; family life is emphasized; and, if 
the income is limited, the virtues of economy and efficiency are 
encouraged, 
(b) In the suburbs and country, transportation, the care of 
grounds, extra service, and increased cost of supplies, must be 
considered. But light and air are perhaps ten times as avail- 



10 HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT 

• 

able as in town, and children may range freely, often without 
attendance. 

(3) In an apartment: 
Rent includes heat, water, sometimes refrigeration and telephone, 
and some service; leases are short and easily transferable; and 
the proximity to recreation increases social life ; 
But light, air, and space are at a premium, hall-ways are con- 
tracted, rooms are small and must be devoted to combined uses, 
some must be eliminated, — guests being sent to hotels and the 
sick to hospitals — storage is cramped, and commercial laundering 
is practically demanded. Surroundings are not always pleasant, 
and summer vacations become imperative. 

Attention is also called to the following related course of instruction: 
Household Arts 61 — House Structure. 

v.— FURNISHING. 

I. General Considerations: 

(i) Vary in accordance with the separate provisions for (a) Food, 
(b) Rest, (c) Health Protection, (d) Household Occupations, (e) 
Recreation, (f) and Communication, (g) Combinations, where nec- 
essary, should be as far as possible within the same unit. 

(2) Expenditure is less essential to excellence than discrimination, 
(a) The amount to be spent should be adjusted to (b) a list of 

essentials, and (c) of desirable additions, and (d) compared 
with expenditures that are known* from model flats up. 

(3) Purpose, fitness, and utility must be considered. Genuineness, 
simplicity and proportion interpret the value of cheap and frail, 
of veneered, gilded, and antique, and of willow, reed, and cane 
furniture, of various wood finishes, and of upholstery. 

(4) General schemes of lighting and ventilation, color, proportion and 
harmony are important. 

(5) The prospective durability and care required should never be 
forgotten. 

n. Special Items. 

(i) Floor coverings — mattings, carpets, oriental and other rugs — 
are to be judged by aesthetic, hygienic, and economic considerations. 
Design, dyes, and weaves greatly influence cost, care, and durability. 

(2) Wall treatment varies in color, cheer, durability, hygiene and 
price through (a) kalsomine, (b) flat, gloss, or stippled paint, (c) 
wall papers, (d) burlap, (e) wood, (f) decorated, and (g) plaster 
surfaces. 

(3) Draperies, portieres, shades and curtains aid furnishing and 
modify lighting through pattern, texture, surface, and color. Their 
cost, care, and durability vary greatly. 



DINING-ROOM AND KITCHEN U 

(4) Lighting with oil, gas, gasoHne, alcohol, acetyline, and electricity 
affects comfort and health through countless variations in safety, 
devices and cost. 

(5) Heating with hot air, hot water, and steam vary in efficiency, 
care, and cost of installation, operation and upkeep. 

III. The Separate Units. 

(i) The Food unit provides for (a) the preparation of food in scullery 
and kitchen, (b) for service in butler's pantry, china closet, and 
silver store, and (c) for storage and refrigeration. 

(2) The Rest unit includes (a) sleeping rooms for family, (b) chil- 
dren, (c) guests, and (d) servants. 

Cleanliness, freshness, ventilation and daintiness are aided by 
light and simple furnishings, and the absence of hangings, pic- 
tures, ornaments, etc. 

Beds of metal and wood may be compared in hygiene and adapta- 
tion to the size of the dwelling; springs, mattresses, and linen, 
in style, durability, and cost. 

Bed-rooms for children and guests have special requirements. 

Servants' rooms are too often repositories for cast-off furnishings, 
when they might meet special needs and comfort at small cost. 

(3) The Recreation or Entertainment unit includes (a) reception 
room, (b) living room, (c) library, (d) special rooms for entertain- 
ment or for music, pictures, etc., and (e) piazzas. 

Reception and living rooms represent the housekeeper's ability to 
consider her guests, as this is measured by the comfort of open 
fires, chairs, the absence of family portraits, the selection, fram- 
ing and hanging of pictures, the use and beauty of ornaments. 

Piazzas for rest and entertainment need light-weight furnishings 
unaffected by the weather. 

(4) The Health Protection and Cleaning Unit includes (a) bath- 
rooms, (b) laundry, and sometimes (c) an isolation apartment for 
illness. 

The isolation apartment, which may also be used as a nursery, 
should be conspicuously clean and cheerful. 

(5) The Communication Unit includes (a) halls, and (b) stairways, 
where light, space and ventilation, durable floor coverings, and places 
for hats, coats, umbrellas, etc., are important. 

Attention is called also to the following courses of instruction: 
Household Arts 52 — Household Furnishing; Fine Arts 19-20 — House Dec- 
oration; Industrial Arts 5— Furniture and Metal-work Design; 22 — Cabinet 
work; 40 — Pottery. 

VI.— DINING-ROOM AND KITCHEN. 

I. The Dining-Room. 

(i) Furniture requires (a) a finish that is both satisfactory in color 
and lighting, and durable under heat and handling. 



12 HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT 

(b) Sideboards may be either antique, reproductions, or of mod- 
ern design. 

(c) The china-closet may combine the aesthetic and the utihtar- 
ian. 

(d) Chairs in their height, weight, and upholstery should be both 
comfortable and durable. 

(e) The floor coverings must be designed for special wear. 

(f) Serving table, tabourette, tea wagon and wheeled tray may 
be added. 

(2) Linen, china and silver should be chosen with regard to both 
quality and care, as these are determined by tradition and scientific 
knowledge. 

II. The Butler's Pantry requires special lighting, plumbing, and storage 
facilities. 

III. The Refrigerator demands peculiar care for its location and con- 
struction ; its proper temperature, ventilation, drainage and cleaning. 

IV. Kitchen. 

(i) The exposure of the kitchen and its adjustment to the rest of the 
house, its lighting and ventilation, and the size, arrangement, glazing 
and screening of its windows are all worthy of much attention. 

(2) A plan of the kitchen with a schedule of its necessary and desir- 
able furnishings is important. 

(3) Kitchen woodwork should be of a design and finish that may be 
easily and efficiently cared for. 

(4) Walls of tint, paint, sanitary paper, wainscoting, enamelled metal, 
glazed brick, and tile, each have their advantages and disadvantages, 
as have 

(5) Floors of wood treated with oil or paraffin, or covered with 
mats, oilcloth, linoleum, rubber, cement, composition, or tile. 

(6) Pantries need special walls and shelves for stores and implements. 

(7) Closets for pots, pans, brooms, brushes and the like have certain 
especially desirable sizes and locations. 

(8) Fixtures. 

(a) Stoves vary greatly in design, construction and cost, ac- 
cording as they are intended for wood, kerosene, coal, alcohol, or 
electricity; or as they combine cookery and water-heating, or 
coal and gas, gas and fireless cooking. 

(b) Special alcohol and electric cooking devices are satisfying 
chiefly as luxuries. 

(c) Table heights and sizes, and coverings of oilcloths, zinc, mar- 
ble, and composition should be adapted to their uses. Hinged 
and rolling tables are useful, as are 

(d) Shelves for special purposes. 

(e) Sink, drain-board and neighboring shelves require careful 
choice in design, in their composition of soapstone, enamelled 



MOVING AND SETTLING 13 

iron or steel, or porcelain, and in their special faucets and other 
appliances, 
(f) Mechanical and electrical time and labor-saving appliances 
are highly desirable, but sometimes increase efficiency at the 
expense of care and cost. 

(9) Kitchen linens should meet laboratory tests. Paper is an avail- 
able substitute for some uses. 

(10) Kitchen utensils of copper, aluminum, tin, enamelled and earth- 
enware must be chosen with reference to the eflfect upon them of 
heat, acids and alkalies. 

VII.— MOVING AND SETTLING. 

I. Moving and settling require executive ability in planning and carrying 

out both departure and arrival with the smallest expenditure of energy 
on the part of the housekeeper and her helpers, and the smallest dis- 
turbance of the comfort and nutrition of the family. 

II. Its planning should include: 

(i) A scale drawing of the floor space of the new dwelling with 
furniture and rugs in their places ; 

(2) A memorandum of the articles to be moved which will indicate 

(a) Superfluous and needed articles, 

(b) The vans or car-space needed, and 

(c) The order of packing and unpacking. 

(3) Transportation should be arranged early. 

III. SupcrAuous articles require, if put in (i) storage, attention to pro- 
tection, price, packing, cleanliness and cold storage. (2) The final 
disposal of old furniture, plate and copper, clothing and bedding, books 
and papers, and cellar accumulations, is simple. 

IV. Packing, if orderly, simplifies settling : 

(i) Proceeding from the least to the most used articles and reversing 
the order in unpacking. 

(2) Preliminary cleaning and wrapping are expedient. 

(3) Elxpert packing is important for perishable articles and long 
distances. 

(4) Crates may be necessary; barrels and special boxes have advan- 
tages. 

V. The preparation of the new home includes:. 
(i) Disinfection, sometimes by experts; 

(2) The banishment and prevention of insect pests by chemical and 

mechanical means ; 

(3) Whitewashing and provision for rubbish and garbage; 

(4) Cleaning, (a) with the preliminary preparation of food, utensils, 



14 HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT 

fuel, and materials for the workers, (b) includes the removal of 
loose dirt, scrubbing, and the removal of stains, vi'ith (c) precautions 
against damage. 

VI. Settling (i) beginning with kitchen and bed-rooms (2) may include 
numerous practical devices. 

VIII.— SUPPLIES. 

I. The cost of commodities has increased in almost every item, and some 
have doubled or trebled in a generation. 

(i) Production is a partial cause: 

(a) Agriculture is conservative, 

(b) The population has increased more rapidly than the food 
supply, and 

(c) There has been great waste of natural resources. 

(2) Manufacture has improved enormously, although it is some- 
times careless and unsanitary and the profit on many patented pro- 
cesses and products is excessive. 

(3) Distribution adds to cost necessarily and sometimes unnecessarily 
through 

(a) The economic pressure of supply and fashion, 

(b) The psychology of advertising and salesmanship, which often 
takes advantage of the purchaser's ignorance, and 

(c) The eflfect of credit on prices. 

(4) Adulteration and substitution are but partially checked by pure 
food laws and correct labels. 

(5) False or misleading weights, measures, and packages are wide- 
spread. 

II. The Control of Expenditure. 

(i) The smallest income offers opportunity for discretion. 

(2) The choice of essentials ensures welfare and not merely grat- 
ification. 

(3) The rejection of the unsatisfactory, and 

(4) The cultivation of satisfaction from small outlays may become 
pleasant, and 

(5) The development of large aims a privilege. 

III. The Principles of Purchase. 

(i) In general the Roman "Let the buyer beware," is still wise advice. 
• (2) Home-made clothing and food are both better and cheaper 
wherever these are possible. 

(3) Purchase from the producer may sometimes be arranged. 

(4) Quantity reduces prices, weighing is often preferable to meas- 
uring, and home scales and measures should be used for checking — 
to the encouragement of honesty. 



FOOD 15 

(5) Storage of various sorts, with its advantages and disadvantages, 
its conditions and regulations, should be understood by the house- 
keeper. 

(6) Tests for the purity of foods and fabrics may be apphed at home. 

(7) Labels should be examined and manufacture inquired into. 

(8) Independence of fashion, persuasion, and bargains may be based 
on taste, knowledge, and the experience that cheapness is not al- 
ways economy. 

(9) Personal selection or the services of a professional buyer are 
advisable wherever possible. 

(10) Purchasing clubs and cooperative stores are beginning a devel- 
opment in the United States that parallels their success in other countries. 

(11) Special knowledge accumulates rapidly concerning the buying 
of many supplies. 

Attention is called also to the following courses of instruction: 
Household Arts 20 — Food Production and Manufacture; 40 — Textiles; 41 — 
Clothing; 44— History of Costume; 66— Marketing; Industrial Arts Si- 
Textile Materials and Processes. 



IX.— FOOD. 

The housekeeper is responsible for the nutrition of the family. She 

must therefore understand : 

(i) The composition and digestibility of different foods; 

(2) The quantity required for health and efficiency ; 

(3) The modifications necessary for occupation and climate, and 

(4) For children, invalids and the aged, 
(i) Composition: 

(a) A knowledge of the relations of protein, carbohydrate, fat, 
mineral salts and water to a well balanced diet is essential for 
both housekeeper and teacher. 

(b) One may profitably compare the economic and nutritive 
values of beef and eggs, eggs and milk, milk and cheese, cheese 
and meat, meat and legumes, legumes and cereals, cereals and 
bread, cereals and macaroni, the cereals themselves, ready to 
eat and cooked cereals, fruits and green vegetables, fruits and 
nuts. 

(2) Quantity : 

(a) Dietary standards are based upon careful observation of 
numerous individuals, but they are all open to further revision. 

(b) A simple dietary may to kept in any home and the results 
compared with established standards. 

(3) A comparison of the Atwater and the Chittenden dietaries will 
illustrate the changing conceptions of standard dietaries. 

(4) For children : 

(a) Simple nutrients must be given in sufficient quantity to pro- 
vide for growth and activity. 



16 HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT 

(b) Judgment as to what to withhold is of equal importance. 

(c) Typical menus for children of different ages are valuable as 
guides. 

II. The menu is a test not only of knowledge of food materials, but of 
imagination and originality in combination and skill in cookery. 

(i) The general principles of cookery may be learned in a few 
hours' study, but good technique comes only with practice. 

(2) A well planned dinner is an inspiration and should be recorded 
for future reference. 

(3) Menus are too often based on caprice rather than science. The 
cost of indigestible food is very great. 

(4) The proper storage and use of left-overs are an aid to economy. 

(5) Very slight and simple variations in method of cooking, in flavor, 
or in service avoid monotony. 

(6) Foreign and vegetarian cookery is full of suggestion. 

(7) Menus may cost from 12 to 75 cents a day a person. 

III. Taste and care in service, like skill in cookery, is an indirect aid to 
nutrition. 

Attention is called also to the following related courses of instruction: 
Household Arts 10 — Elementary Food Economics; 11 — Dietary Adminis- 
tration; 15 — Dietetics; 25 — Physiological Chemistry; 30 — Food Prepara- 
tion; 31 — Experimental Cookery; 32 — Home Cookery; 35 — Cookery for 
Invalids; 38 — The History of Cookery; 115 — Nutrition. 

X.— THE CARE OF THE HOUSE. 

I. Cleanliness: 

(i) Often requires a new and special definition, as for cellar, refrig- 
erator, kitchen utensils, etc. 

(2) A daily, weekly, and monthly schedule of cleaning is desirable. 

(3) The cost of cleanliness should include many items. 

(4) Sunlight is one of the best agents. 

II. Dust, perhaps the most common of household nuisances and dangers, 

(i) Is to be prevented by care in household construction and equip- 
ment, 

(2) And systematically removed by careful methods of friction, ad- 
hesion, expulsion or suction. 

III. Ventilation. 

(1) Bad air interferes with important bodily functions. 

(2) Pure air both removes evils and confers benefits. 

(3) Inside and outside air vary in helpful qualities. 

(4) The amount of air breathed per person per minute determines 
the minimum cubic foot of air space for each person. 

(5) There are various simple means of ventilation for the household. 



DOMESTIC SERVICE 1' 

IV. Cleaning (i) to be efficient, harmless and inexpensive must (2) be 
based upon a knowledge of — 

(a) The material to be cleaned, such as stains and varnishes,, 
wood, metal, glass and stone surfaces, wall and floor coverings, 
grease, stains, etc. ; 

(b) The material to be removed, such as mixtures of dust and 
grease, stains, etc. ; 

(c) The cleaning agents such as soaps, soap powder, whiting, 
acids, alkalis, and patent cleaners, which are often to be classed 
with patent medicines ; and 

(d) The physical or chemical action employed in the use of 
polishes, solvents, emulsions, and alkaline and electrical reac- 
tions. 

(e) The relative efficiency and cost of home and commercial 
laundering may be accurately measured. 

V. The preservation of many household appliances and furnishings de- 
pends upon the application of knowledge similar to that involved in 
cleaning. 

VI. Plumbing for water, waste, heating and lighting (i) may be at least 
partially guarded against stoppage, leaks, freezing, and other acci- 
dents. (2) Small repairs and replacements may be made by the 
householder. 

VII. Heating appliances and the management of fires require the practical 
application of physical principles. 

Humidity should also receive attention. 

VIII. The Vacant House requires especial care. 

Attention is called to the following related courses of instruction: 
Education 87— Hygiene and Sanitation; Household Arts 26— Sanitary 
Chemistry; 64— Housewifery; 67— Laundering; 80— Municipal and Indus- 
trial Hygiene and Sanitation. 

XI.— DOMESTIC SERVICE. 

The problem of domestic service concerns the supply, the distribution, 
and the conditions of the workers. 

I. There is a scarcity of skilled workers not only in the United States 
but in other countries. 

(i) A comparison of the relation of supply to demand in this coun- 
try during the last three decades shows that the demand has doubled 
while the supply has increased only by half. 
(2) The workers prefer to accept the conditions of modern industry 
rather than those of the home. 

(a) A comparison of life in the home and in the factory, in the 
matter of hours, wages, healthfulness of occupation, and oppor- 
tunity for social life, is imperative. 



18 HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT 

II. The Intelligence OMce is the mavti factor in distribution, mor * than 
half the workers seeking their employment through it. 

(i) Offices are of many grades. 

(a) Those characterized by lack of system and absence of records 
are to be mistrusted. 

(b) Many offices profit through an abuse of the fee. 

(c) Laws recently passed in New York City protect both the 
employer and the employee. 

(2) Offices in general have hindered rather than helped the service 
problem. 

(a) Semi-philanthropic offices have met with great difficulties. 

(3) The possible abuse by the office of the written reference makes 
the personal reference more trustworthy. 

(4) The verbial contract between mistress and maid gives opportunity 
for serious misunderstanding. A written contract is necessary in 
every business agreement. 

III. The Improvement of Conditions. 

(i) The history of domestic service in the United States illumi- 
nates present conditions and suggests possible improvements. 

(2) Shorter hours of service and more personal freedom must be 
allowed. 

(3) The removal of many processes from the home is delayed by 
present cost and unreliability. 

(4) Household administration may be greatly improved. 

(a) A better adjustment is possible between the amount of work 
to be done and the service provided. 

(b) The work of the general and the special servant must be 
clearly outlined. 

(c) The dress of the worker is worthy of consideration. 

(5) Mechanical appliances save time and labor. Increasing demand 
is improving their efficiency and reducing their cost. 

(6) More education for both mistress and maid is imperative, (a) 
German women have asked the state to provide training for ser- 
vice, (b) Training schools for servants have not yet been success- 
ful in the United States. 

Attention is called also to the following related courses of instruction: 
Industrial Arts 98 — The History of Industry. 

XII.— THE HOME. 

I. The Development of the Household. 

(i) The environment of industries, sciences and principles has been 
revolutionized ; and 

(2) Household occupations have been reduced in number by the de- 
velopment of industry; yet 

(3) Household equipment has developed but little, invention and 
capital having sought more remunerative fields ; and 



THE HOMii 19 

(4) Household efficiency has but recently become a subject of study. 

(5) Tradition holds some housekeepers to custom and imitation. 

(6) Indifference in others ignores or avoids responsibility. 

(7) Responsibility, routine and seclusion oppress some. 

(8) A more independent and vocational life is sought by others. 

(9) Reforms are slow and difficult : 

(a) Institutions are conservative, and 

(b) Innovation is difficult to the overworked and irksome to the 
luxurious. 

(10) Progress is usually due to a general imitation of the few who 
first put timely ideals into practice. 

(11) Individualism and cooperation: 

(a) The individual home is criticized as conservative, costly, and 
sometimes wasteful ; 

(b) Cooperative purchasing and living offer promising fields for 
experiment ; 

(c) Clubs, colleges, associations, government and international 
congresses are all contributing suggestions to the home. 

II. The Responsibility of the Home. 

(i) The home remains primarily responsible for the promotion of 
health, the prevention of disease, the care of the sick and the aged. 

(2) The physical, mental and moral care and rearing of children 

remain a responsibility of the home. 

(3) The home is subject to civic and governmental conditions over 
which it has yet only indirect influence. 

(4) The homemaker has a large influence in determining the 
economic, physical, educational, social and moral position of the 
household. 

(5) The variety and interest of the field demands the clear determi- 
nation of essentials, together with a wise choice and a conscious 
rejection among other interests. 

III. The home thus offers opportunity for a number of careers, all de- 
manding capacity and character, expressing personality and satisfying 
ambition. 

(i) The housekeeper may be a homemaker, influential at home and 
socially. 

(2) The home may be made a centre of aesthetic interest. 

(3) It may be a centre for the application of scientific, economic, or 
sociological knowledge. 

(4) It may contribute to personal and public health and industry and 
to social and moral progress. 

Attention is called also to the following courses of instruction: 
Household Arts 5— Typical Modern Industries related to the home; 60 — 

History of the Household; 68 — Home Nursing and Emergencies; 81 Public 

Health Problems; 82— The Care of Infants and Small Children; Physical 
Education 187-8— Hygiene of Childhood and Adolesence; Education 21-2— 
The Psychology of Childhood. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

I. — Education For the Home 

Butler, Nicholas Murray, The Meaning of Education. Macmillan, 1898. 

Gillette, John M., Vocational Education. American Book Co. 

Patten, Simon N., The New Basis of Civilisation.. Macmillan, 1908. 

Ross, E. A., Social Psychology, Chaps. IV and VI. Macmillan, 1909. 

Bosanquet, Bernard, A History of Aesthetics. Macmillan Co., 1904. 

Richards, Ellen H., The Art of Right Living. Whitcomb and Barrows, 
Boston. 

Perkins, Agnes F., Vocations for the Trained Woman. Women's Educa- 
tional and Industrial Union, Boston, 191 1. 

Ravenhill, Alice, and Schiff, Catharine J., Household Administration, 
Grant Richards, London, 1910. 

Tylor, Edward Burnett, Anthropology. Macmillan & Co., 1904. 

Sumner, William G., Folkways. Ginn, 1907. 

Xenophon, The Economist, translated into English by Wedderburn and Col- 
lingwood ; edited by John Ruskin, London, 1876. 

Seligman, Edwin R., Principles of Economics. Longmans, Green & Co., 1906. 

Ostwald, W., Conversations on Chemistry. Part I and II. Wiley, 1906. 

Vulte, Hermann, Household Chemistry. 

Dodd, Margaret E., Chemistry, of the Household. The American School of 
Home Economies, Chicago, 1907. 

Elliott, S. Maria, Household Bacteriology. American School of Home 
Economics, Chicago, 1907. 

Elliott S. Maria, Household Hygiene. 

Taylor, Frederick W., Principles of Scientific Management. Harper's, 1911. 

II. — Standards of Living 

Bosanquet (Mrs. Bernard), Standard of Life. Macmillan, 1908. 

Chapin, R. C, The Standard of Living Among Workingmen's Families in 
New York City. N. Y. Charities, 1909. 

More, Budgets. Macmillan, New York, 1907. 

Clark and Wyatt, Making Both Ends Meet. "Working Girls' Budgets." 

Shadwell, Arthur, Industrial EMciency. Discussion of comparative stand- 
ards and cost of living in England, Germany and America. Longmans, 
1907. 

III. — Accounts 

Damon, J. T., Wealth of Households. Macmillan, 1886. 

Dawson, J. T., Wealth of Households. Political Economy of Daily Life. 

London, Frowde, 1886. 
Smart, W., Distribution of the Income. Macmillan. 
Haskins, C. W., How to Keep Household Accounts. Harper Bros., New 

York and London, 1903. 
Dewson, M. p., Twentieth Century Expense Book, 1899. The Wage Earners' 

Expense Account. Wage Account Book for House-ivorkers. Women's 

Educational and Industrial Union, Boston, Mass. 
, Practical Real Estate Methods by TJiirty Experts. Doubleday & 

Page, 1910. 
Nettleford, J. S., Practical Housing. T. F. Unwin, London, 1910. 

20 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 21 

IV.— The Choice of a Home 

Bevier, Isabel. The House. The American School of Home Economics, 

Chicago, 1907. 
Gardner, E. C, Homes and All About Them. Osgood, Boston, 1885. 
Gardner, The House That Jill Built. Adams, Springfield, 1896. 
Osborne, C. Francis, Notes on the Art of House Planning. Comstock, N. Y., 

1889. 
Beach, Thomas W., On Taking a House. Edward Arnold, London, 1905. 
Waring, G. E., How to Drain a House. N. Y., 1895. 
Waring, G. E., Sanitary Condition of City and Country Dwelling Houses. 

Van Nostrand, N. Y., 1898. (Science Series). 
BiijLiNGS, J. S., Ventilation and Heating. N. Y., 1893. (Engineering Record). 

, The Healthful Farmhouse. Boston, 1906. 

, Timber. Bulletin 10. 

Brannt, W. T., Wood and Wood Finishes. 

Grimshaw, Robert, Hints on House Building. Practical Publishing Co., 

N. Y., 1889. 

V. — VI. — Furnishing 

Thomas, J. W., Ventilation, Heating and Lighting of Dwellings. Doubleday, 
Page and Co., N. Y. 

Taylor, F. H., Private House Electric Lighting. Doubleday, Page and Co., 
N. Y. 

Gibbs, W. E., Lighting by Acetylene. Doubleday, Page and Co., N. Y. 

French, Lillie Hamilton, The House Dignified. Putnam and Co., 1908. 

Daniels, Fred Hamilton, Furnishing a Modest Home. Davis Press, Wor- 
cester, Mass., 1908. 

Priestman, Mabel, Art and Economy in Home Decoration. John Lane. 

French, Lillie Hamilton, Homes and Their Decoration. Dodd, Mead, 1903. 

Jennings, H. A., Our Homes and How to Beautify Them. Harrison and 
Sons, London, 1902. 

Brigham, Louise, Box Furniture. Century, 1909 . 

Wells and Hooper, Modern Cabinet Work. B. T. Botsford, London, 1909. 

Mumford, J. R., Oriental Rugs. Scribner's, 1902. 

Clifford, C. R., Rugs of the Orient. Clifford and Lawton, N. Y., 191 1. 

BiNNS, C. F., The Potter's Craft. Van Nostrand, 1910. 

, Old China Book. Stokes, 1903. 

VII. — Moving and Settling 

Carter, Mary Elizabeth, House and Home. A. S. Barnes and Co., N. Y. 

DoANE, Rennie W., Insects and Disease. Holt and Co., 1910. 

Gerhard, W. P., Disposal of Household Wastes. John Wiley and Sons, 

London, 1907. 
Howard, L. O., Chief, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bulletins of the Bureau of 

Entomology, Washington. 
Marshall, C. L., Cockroaches. Circular 51. 
Marshall, C. L., The True Clothes Moth. Circular 36. 
Marshall, C. L., The Bed Bug. Circular 47. 
Marshall, C. L., The Silver Fish. Circular 49. 



22 HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT 

Marshall, C. L., The White Ant. Circular 50. 

Howard, L. O., House Flies. Circular 108. 

Howard, L. O., House Flies. Circular 71. 

Howard, L. O., Hydrocyanic-acid Gas Agai^ist Household Insects. Circular 

46. 
Howard, L. O., Mosquitoes. Circular 25. 

VIII.— Supplies 

Fisher, Irving, The Purchasing Power of Money. Macmillan Co., 191 1. 

Richardson, The Woman Who Spends. Whitcomb and Barrows, igio. 

Devine, E. T., Economic Function of Woman. American Academy of Polit- 
ical and Social Science, 1894. 

DooLEY, William H., Textiles. D. C. Heath and Co., Boston, 191 1. 

Matthews J. Merritt, Textile Fibres. Wiley, 1907. 

Williams, W. M., Philosophy of Clothing. Laurie, London, 1890. 

Ballin, Mrs. A. S., Science of Dress in Theory and Practice. London, 1886. 

EcoB, Mrs. Helen (Gilbert), The Well Dressed Woman. Fowler, N. Y., 1892. 

Watson, Kate H., Textiles and Clothing. American School of Home 
Economics, 1907. 

IX.— Food 

Hutchinson, Robert, Food and Dietetics. Wood, 1906. 

Atwater, W. O., Foods, Nutritious Value and Cost. U. S. Agriculture, 
Dept. of Farmers' Bulletin, No. 23. 

Chittenden, R. H., Nutrition of Man. Stokes. 

Sherman, H. C, Chemistry of Food and Nutrition. Macmillan, 191 1. 

Rose, Flora, Human Nutrition, Part I and Part H. Cornell Reading Course 
for Farmers' Wives. Human Nutrition. No. 6. Free. 

GiBBS, Winnifred S., Proper Feeding of the Family. 105 East Twenty- 
Second Street, N. Y. 

Richards, Ellen H., The Cost of Food. Wiley, 1907. 

Kerley, Charles Gilmore, Short Talks to Young Mothers. Sanders, Phil- 
adelphia. 

Holt, L. Emmett, M. D., Care and Feeding of Children. Appleton. 

, Large Meals for Small Money. 105 East Twenty-second Street, 

N. Y. 

Chapin, Henry Dwight, M. D., Theory and Practice of Infant Feeding. 
Wood. 

Winters, Joseph E., M. D., Feeding of Infants. Button, N. Y. C, 1901. 
The Daily Meals of School Children. U. S. Bureau of Education Bul- 
letin, 1909. 

Sachse, H. v.. How to Cook for the Sick and Convalescent. 

Barrows, Anna, Principles of Cookery. American School of Home Eco- 
nomics, Chicago, 1907. 

Abel, Mary Hinman, Practical Sanitary and Economic Cooking. American 
Public Health Association, Rochester. 1890. 

Hill, Janet McKenzie, Practical Cooking and Serving. Doubleday, Page 
and Co., 1908. 

Thudichum, J. L. W., Spirit of Cookery. London, 1895. 

Chilj), Theodore, Delicate Feasting. Harper's, N. Y., 1890. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 

Low, Berthe Julienne, French Home Cooking. McCIure, Phillips and Co., 

N. Y. 
Fox, Minnie C, The Blue Grass Cook Book. Fox, Duffield and Co., N. Y. 
RoRER, Sarah Tyson, Vegetable Cookery and Meat Substitutes. Arnold, 

Philadelphia. 
Farmer, Fannie Meritt, Boston Cooking School Cook Book. Little, Brown, 

1909. 
Mitchell, Margaret J., The Fireless Cook Book. Doubleday, Page and Co., 

N. Y. 
Richards, Ellen H., Plain Words About Food. Home Science Publishing 

Co., (Rumford Kitchen Leaflets). 
Payne, A. G., Vegetarian Cookery. 

Lincoln, Mary J. IWiat to Have for Luncheon. Dodge Publishing Co., N. Y. 
Curtis, Isabel Gordon, Left-overs Made Palatable. Orange Judd Co., N. Y. 

La Cuisine et la Table Modernc. Librarie Larousse, Paris. 
Wiiley, H. W., Food and Food Adulterants. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture 

Division of Chemistry, Bulletin 13. 
Wing, H. H., Milk and Its Products. Macmillan, 1903. 

X.— The Care of the House 

Clark, T. M., The Care of a House. Macmillan, 1909. 

Owen, Catharine, Progressive Housekeeping. Houghton, Miffiin & Co., 
Cambridge, 1889. 

Parloa, Maria, Home Economics. Century Co., 1906. 

PiCTON, Godsden C. F., Practical Housewifery. Swan, Sonnenschein and 
Co., London. 

Terrill, Bertha M., Household Management. The Library of Home Eco- 
nomics, Chicago, 1907. 

Allen, Jno. K., Sanitation in the Modern Home. Domestic Engineering, 1907. 

Richards, Ellen H., Conservation by Sanitation. Chap. I — Air, 191 1. 

Richards and Talbot. Home Sanitation. Home Science Publish- 
ing Co., Boston, 1898. Cornell Reading Course for Farmers' Wives. 
Bulletins No. i and No. 3. 

White, Marion, The Fuels of the Household. Wihitcomb and Barrows, 
Boston. 

Shaw, M. N., Air Currents and the Laws of Ventilation. Cambridge Series 
of Physical Text Books. 

CouN, H. W., Bacteria, Yeasts and Molds in the Home. 

Richards, Ellen H., Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning. Ginn and Co., 1903. 

Richards, Ellen H., The Cost of Cleanness. Wiley and Sons, N. Y. C, 1908. 

Osman, E. G., Cleaning and Renovating at Home. A. C. McClurg and Co., 
Chicago. 

Balderston and Limerick, Laundry Manual, 1224 Cherry Street, Philadel- 
phia. 

Rose, Flora, The Laundry. New York State College of Agriculture, Cor- 
nell University, Ithaca, N. Y., 1909. 

Vail, Mary B., Approved Methods for Home Laundering. Proctor and 
Gamble Co., Ohio. Free. 

Howard, L. O., The House-Fly — Disease Carrier. Stokes, N. Y., 1910. 



Qa 25 1911 



24 HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT 

Ormsbee, Mrs. Agnes (Bailey), The House Comfortable. Harper's, N. Y., 

1892. 
Carter, M. E., Millionaire Households. Whitcomb and Barrows. 

XI. — Domestic Service 

Salmon, Lucy M., History of Domestic Service. Macmillan, N. Y., 1897. 
Addams, Jane, Democracy and Social Ethics. Macmillan, N. Y., 1902. 
Fetter, Frank A., Principles of Economics. Chapter on Labor and Wages. 

Century, 1904. 
Kellor, Frances A., Out of Work. Putnam. 
— — , Mass. Labor Statistics, Bureau of, Hours of Labor in Domestic 

Service. Boston, 1898. 

-, The Servant Problem. Simpson, Marshall and Co., London, 1899. 



Pettingill, Lillian, Toilers of the Home. Doubleday, Page and Co., N. Y. 
Springsteed, Anne F., Expert Waitress. Harper's, 1902. 
Hill, Janet McKenzie, Up-to-Date Waitress. Harper Bros., 1894. 
Wright, C. D., Industrial Evolution of the United States. Flood, Mead- 

ville. Pa., 1897. 
Abbott, Edith, Women in Industry. Appleton, 1910. 
BuCHER, Carl, Industrial Evolution. Henry Holt, 1901. 

XII.— The Home 

CooLEY, Charles Horton, Social Organisation. Chap. XXXL Scribner's, N. Y. 
Veblen, Thorstein, The Theory of the Leisure Class. Macmillan, 1897. 
Cadbury, Edward; Matheson, M. Cecile; and Shann, George, Women's 

Work and Wages. University of Chicago Press, 1907. 
ScHREiNER, Olive, Woman and Labor. Frederick A. Stokes Co., N. Y 
BosANQUET, Helen, The Family. Macmillan, 1906. 
Salmon, Lucy M., Progress in the Household. Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 

N. Y., 1906. 
Earle, Mrs. Alice (Morse), Home Life in Colonial Days. Macmillan, 1899. 
Hunt, Caroline L., Home Problem from a New Standpoint. Whitcomb and 

Barrows, Boston. 
Campbell, Mrs. Helen (Stuart), Household Economies. Putnam, N. Y., 

1897. 
Stetson, C. P., Whmen and Economics. Small, Boston, 1898. 
Stetson, C. P., The Home, Its Work and Influence. 
Shackleton, Robert and Elizabeth, Adventures in Home Making. John 

Lane Co., 191 1. 
Plunkett, Mrs. H. M., Women, Plumbers and Doctors. Appleton, 1893. 
Hard, William, The Woman of To-morrow. Everybody's Magazine, Sept., 

1910. 
Brown, Laura, Scientific Living. Health Culture Co., Passaic, N. J., 1909. 
King, P. S., The Infant, the Parent and the State. H. L. Heath, London, 1907. 
Mussey, Henry R., The Economic Position of Women. Academy of Polit- 

cal Science in the City of New York, 1910. Hand and Machine Labor. 

U. S. Dept. of Commerce and Labor, Washington; 12th annual report, 

1898. 



Scboole of 1Int)U6trial an^ Mousebolb arte 

JlencbcxB College, Columbia 'ClniversttB 



The School of Industrial Arts is devoted to the technique of funda- 
mental processes in industries and commerce and the study and practice of 
the educational method of these subjects in the work of instruction in 
schools of various types and grades. Courses are provided giving prepar- 
ation for university and college professorships in the industrial arts, and 
instructorships in such subjects as industrial arts education, drawing and 
design, industrial mathematics, wood-working, metal;;yvorking and com- 
mercial education ; also preparation for such positions as supervisor of in- 
dustrial mathematics, wood-working, metal-working and commercial 
education ; also preparation for such positions as supervisor of the industrial 
arts or manual training in public schools and heads of departments of 
industrial arts in normal and teachers' training schools. Training, both 
theoretical and practical, is especially provided for teachers of the indus- 
trial arts in secondary, grammar and elementary schools, and in trade 
schools and technical and manual training high schools, and for teachers in 
settlements and other social institutions. 

As a technical school The School of Industrial Arts offers courses 
in drawing and design and construction (including in the Fine Arts depart- 
ment, instruction in painting, illustrating, decorating and clay modelling), 
wood-working, metal-working, wood-carving, book-binding, photography 
and pottery. In any of these fields craftsmen may register for instruction. 

The School of Household Arts as a department of Teachers College 
trains for all types of teaching in the fields of the activities in 
domestic art and domestic science, household administration, school nurses, 
nurses' training schools. As a technical school it offers to both men and 
women preparation for professional service other than teaching in a num- 
ber of distinct fields, in the application of art and science in industry, such 
as interior decorator, dressmaker, milliner; housekeeper, lunch-room man- 
ager, laundry-manager ; manager or dietitian in the institutional household, 
the hospital, asylum, school and college dormitory ; in health protection, as 
visiting nurses, board of health assistants and inspectors, and social and 
welfare workers. 

Curricula for degrees of Ph. D., A. M. and B. S. and corresponding 
diplomas in education; special certificates in many technical fields. 

For bulletins of information, address The Secretary, Schools of In- 
dustrial AND Household Arts, Teachres College, Columbia University, 



One copy del. to Cat. Div. 
OCT ?? t^J? 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



I I: II II nil II 

013^26 644 8 ^ 



